Alcohol

Ethyl-alcohol, C2H6 O. (Spirits of Wine)

Preparation , From commercial spirits of wine, by redistillation.

Authorities.

The following symptoms have been collected from various sources, and though incorporated with some hesitation, are believed to be reliable.

MIND

• He weeps and sobs with distorted face, or the froths-with rage, and fills the house with curses and execrations.
• Frenzy, accompanied by the most violent convulsions (convulsive intoxication).
• Drunkenness, with various manias.
• Mania, with excessive irritability, excited by slightest causes.
• Mania, with disposition to commit murder or incendiarism.
• Mania for alcoholic drinks, pepper, and other heating things.
• Mania.
• Various hallucinations of sight, hearing, smell, and sensation.
• Delirium.
• Transition from delirium tremens into permanent mania, with hectic, or dropsy, physconia, especially hard stomach. [10.]
• Much inconsiderate, confused talking.
• Incoherent speeches.
• Talkativeness, by which untimely confessions are drawn from him.
• All weaknesses are exposed, and all secrets divulged, without reserve (misers excepted, according to Trotter) ("in vino veritas"); all hypocrisy ceases.
• He chats, scolds, brags, and curses.
• He is ashamed of his intoxication, and the more he tries to conceal it, the more he betrays it.
• Talkativeness, and abeyance of usual caution.
• Rapid and incoherent talk.
• Rum, and some other spirits, made us very talkative and hilarious in about ten minutes; so much so that my friend was altogether a king; but as minutes flew away, so did our joyousness, and little by little we lessened our garrulity and became silent, almost morose, and extremely miserable. Never were the extremes of happiness and misery brought so vividly before us, or seemed to be in such close proximity, as on these occasions. Every mental perception was darkened, and the dreaminess, which is not an unpleasant feature of it, is a condition in which neither thought nor imagination acquires power.
• Transported into a garden of pleasure, he only sees cheerful and agreeable objects, but the predominating feeling is love and desire.
• Infatuated, he discovers beauties in his mistress that he had before overlooked, and he uses all the images of poesy to warm his feelings and heighten his passion. The delirium of love breaks out first.
• He (an octogenarian) became so amorous that he addressed the most passionate and flattering speeches to a lamp-post, which he took for a lady. [20.]
• A sanguine and choleric temperament grows sentimental an passionate; they show the greatest inclination to love and voluptuousness.
• All, even the coarsest, desires and inclinations become uncontrollable.
• General excitement of all the senses.
• Moral and physical exaltation.
• Indescribable serenity of mind, with cheerfulness, which the face expresses.
• Inner gratification, accompanied by kindly intentions towards others.
• Cheerfulness and happy humor.
• The imagination grows lively, the mind mostly free, and overflows with wit and humor.
• Old age descends to the exuberance of youth.
• A sulky man becomes social and sympathetic; even the serious philosopher grows merry, lays aside his severity, and enjoys jest and song. [30.]
• Boisterous mirth.
• Immoderate bursts of laughter.
• Screaming, singing, and immoderate merriment.
• Boisterous singing.
• Bawdy songs.
• The dance is accompanied by convulsive gestures.
• Sweet outpourings of friendship and tender confessions.
• All care is set aside; all grief is relieved or set aside (Hoffman).
• The weak one grows strong, and the despondent bold.
• The despairing lover leaves his solitude, and forgets the indifference of his mistress. Amid the pleasures of the cup the soldier no longer complains of the campaign; the sailor forgets the dangers of the storm. [40.]
• The French are merry; the English, gloomy and thoughtful; the Germans, brutal.
• He grows loving, kind, and obliging; or hard, violent, and repellent.
• He is courteous to an enemy, and forgets insults; or he sneers at his friend, and broods revenge.
• He signs, chats, and is cheerful; or he is dull, gloomy, and reserved.
• Cheerfulness and wit degenerate into shamelessness and licentious jests.
• The modest blush of shame vanishes, and improper, undignified acts are committed.
• Animation displayed in the features and gestures.
• Exhilaration of spirits.
• Increased self-esteem and importance.
• Feeling unusually strong and rich. [50.]
• He weeps and sobs, with distorted face.
• Efforts to escape from the bed or room, or from some frightful object.
• Grievous sadness and melancholy, that end in tears, complaints, and sighs.
• Sadness, often constant through the whole disease (delirium tremens).
• Melancholy, with inclination to commit suicide.
• Depression of spirits.
• Restlessness and anxiousness that he vainly seeks to disguise by words, making it more conspicuous by that means.
• Solitude and repose in bed increase the anxiety; he refuses to remain in bed, often even in the house, on this account, and escapes.
• He grows unmanageable; demands to go peremptorily to attend to his business.
• Sighing, anxiety, and apprehension of evil. [60.]
• Mental inquietude, making it impossible for him to settle to any ordinary occupation, or to complete the tasks which he begins ( chronic )
• Feeling of vague and unaccountable dread (chronic).
• Dread arising from actual delusions, such as the belief that an enemy is constantly lying in wait to inflict an injury, etc.
• They think they are on shipboard at sea, and fear being drowned in the storm; they therefore throw everything in the room overboard, i. e. , out of the window, into the street, or into the sea, as they think.
• Thinks himself pursued by robbers, murderers, police, etc.
• Vivid apprehension that he is in danger of falling down a precipice, even when walking on firm ground in broad daylight ( chronic ).
• Moral degradation, marked by cowardice and untruthfulness ( chronic )
• Flightiness and violence in his conduct, and restless manner.
• Stubbornness in all he does or leaves undone.
• Quarrelsomeness.
• Unreasonable inclination to quarrel. [70.]
• He begins a quarrel, or imagines an insult which was not given, and challenges to combat or demands reparation.
• Grudges long since adjusted or forgotten are renewed; he demands revenge or satisfaction, which frequently ends in bloodshed or even murder.
• Impatience of contradiction.
• Feeling insulted and abused by one's friends.
• Rapid changes of humor, exhibiting gayety, mirthfulness, petulance, anger, moroseness, and melancholy by turns.
• Great ease in the use of the intellectual faculties.
• Mind free, more animated, ideas flow more easily.
• Rapid flow of thought, but he cannot keep his attention fixed continuously on one subject. To relate a not very complicated occurrence causes an effort.
• Rapidity and variety of thought.
• The imagination of fanatics is occupied with religious ravings; they address confidential and irreverent discourses to the Deity. [80.]
• Absurd fancies.
• Greater confusion of ideas.
• Mind disturbed; consciousness, the power of fixing the attention, were lessened.
• The last power to be completely regained was consciousness.
• Inattention to outward objects.
• General intellectual enfeeblement.
• Weak understanding.
• Loss of judgment.
• Absence of the senses and of reason.
• Reasoning powers altogether disabled. [90.]
• Stupidity.
• Imbecility.
• Dementia.
• Insanity.
• Insanity breaks out more easily in those who have received injuries to the skull.
• Memory impaired.
• Forgetfulness.
• He perfectly recognizes familiar persons in the height of the disease (delirium tremens); he mistakes one person for another.
• He strikes a post, which he mistakes for a man who will not get out of his way. [100.]
• If only for moments, he confounds one person with another, and thinks he recognizes an absent friend in a stranger who is present.
• Blunted sensibilities.
• A weak-nerved person shows blunted senses and childish freaks. The phlegmatic temperament remains passive and silent, and rather falls from his chair before giving loud evidences of his intoxication.
• Coma.
• Very vivid mental shocks shorten intoxication very much.
• Increased perspiration moderates intoxication very much.

HEAD

• Feeling of lightness and clearness in the head, and afterwards confusion and weight.
• Head dull, clouded, and hazy.
• Attacks of vertigo, with sudden faintness and reeling; or falling down, with momentary loss of consciousness, but not twitchings. [110.]
• Vertigo.
• Violent vertigo, nearly changing to apoplexy.
• Vertigo enough to cause falling; or actual falling down.
• Staggering, uncertain gait.
• He staggers while walking and standing.
• He strives, with a certain effort, to keep himself upright while staggering.
• Momentary attacks of vertigo.
• Sometimes head trembles.
• The head nods.
• Effusion of water into the membranes and ventricles of the brain. [120.]
• Softening of the brain.
• Induration of the brain.
• Congestion to head congestion of the brain and its membranes.
• Violent congestion to the head and organs of the chest.
• Apoplexy.
• He became quite insensible and unable to sustain himself on his feet. Four hours after, his consciousness and sensibility had entirely ceased; breathing, snoring irregular; pulse 80. Enlarged pupil, without contractility when exposed to the light. Power of swallowing entirely gone. Death after fifteen hours.
• Real apoplexy sets in during his highest stages of intoxication, with a complete insensibility of the iris, the skin, etc.
• The highest degree of intoxication is apoplexy, during which sensation and motion cease, while the activity of the heart and arteries continues.
• A high degree of intoxication is a truly apoplectic condition. [130.]
• The sad end of a deeply intoxicated person is most frequently apoplexy.
• Coma, that changes to paralysis of the brain, in persons of an apoplectic habit.
• By frequently repeated intoxication, a predisposition to apoplexy is developed.
• Headache, sometimes with nausea and vomiting.
• Pressing headache, causing stupidity.
• Drawing in the head.
• Dull, diffused headache, with a buzzing or rushing sound in the ears.
• The temporal veins look full, and the temporal arteries beat rapidly and forcibly; afterwards, they seems exhausted and collapsed.
• Sensation of fulness at the crown and back of the head, or at the temples, according to the kind of spirit taken (in two to eight minutes).

EYES

• Eyes injected. [140.]
• Eyes red.
• Red, watery eyes (chronic).
• Eyes fiery, brilliant.
• Eyes fixed and wild.
• Shy, more oblique than fixed look.
• Rigid, gleaming look.
• Eyes bright and animated, or suffused and soft.
• Eyes red and excited.
• Chronic inflammation of the eye, in consequence of which, spots in the eye and dimness of vision.
• Catarrhal inflammation of the eyes (in hard drinkers). [150.]
• Linings and margins of the lids congested.
• Roughness of the margins of the lids (granulations) in hard drinkers.
• Contraction of the pupils, drooping lids, and coma.
• Effusion and swelling below the eyes.
• Conjunctivæ more or less jaundiced ( chronic ).
• Injected eyeballs.
• Yellow tinge of the sclerotica.
• Veins of the sclerotic membrane turgid and prominent.
• Pupils dilated, sluggish, rarely contracted.
• Dilated and almost insensible pupils. [160.]
• Enlarged pupil.
• Pupil enlarged, not entirely insensible to the light.
• Entire insensibility of the iris.
• Pupils dilated, and afterward contracted.
• Contraction of the pupils, with drooping lids, and coma.
• Perception of light lessened.
• Vision weak; cannot use eyes; objects flicker and become dim, indistinct; cannot read or write.
• Aversion to light.
• Flickering, and becoming black before the eyes.
• Flickering before vision, as if a veil suddenly drawn before the eyes, which at last becomes thick and black, especially on exerting vision. [170.]
• Black before eyes, especially on suddenly moving head after changing position on rising up, with vertigo; patient fears falling, and grasps at surrounding objects.
• Sparks before the eyes.
• Flashes of light before eyes.
• Muscæ volitantes, in clouds, before the eyes ( chronic ).
• Double vision.
• Visual hallucination (chronic).

EARS

• Dryness in external meatus.
• Acute sense of hearing.
• Hearing blunted.
• Perception of sound lessened. [180.]
• Confusion of sounds.
• Roaring in ears.
• Roaring in ears, especially after spasms, or with vertigo.
• Ringing in ears.
• Buzzing or rushing sound in the ears, frequently though not always accompanied with dull, diffused headache (chronic).
• Illusions of hearing.
• Imaginary voices and sounds.
• Symptoms worse when lying down, and in the quietude of the night.

NOSE

• Redness of the nose and cheeks (chronic).
• Redness of the nose, especially at the tip. [190.]
• Vessels of the skin congested.
• Swelling and inflammation.
• Red pimples, or tubercles.
• Lining membrane of the nares inflamed and ulcerated.
• Bleeding of the nose.
• Illusions of the sense of smell.

FACE

• There was a relaxation of the muscles and stiffness of the skin of the face, forehead, and upper lip, so that the features fell.
• Great flabbiness of the muscles of expression (chronic).
• The physiognomy expresses amiable cheerfulness.
• Face bloated, without expression; stupid, silly. [200.]
• Violent cramp in the muscles of the lower part of the face, which sometimes dislocates the lower jaw.
• Redness of the cheeks and nose (chronic)
• Redness overspreads the face, and all the features melt into a smile.
• Face bloated and heated.
• Face red and swollen.
• Face blue-black, or pale.
• Color of the face sometimes unchanged, sometimes red, sometimes icteric, like the rest of the body.
• Face muddy, red in spots, mottled.
• Face earthy.
• On the nose and other parts of the face, warts and eruptions appear, of different colors and sizes. [210.]
• Tetter in the face.
• Eruption in the face; a dark-red, ugly, shining redness of the skin on the nose, forehead, cheeks, sometimes on the chin, finally in other places, often covered with tetter, bluish-red or white vesicles and pimples. Skin mostly dry and rough, with broad, red, raised clusters in the skin; itching pain; desquamation slight, or wanting.
• Forehead serene.

MOUTH

• Grinding the teeth.
• Tongue fissured from middle to the edges, furred, or sometimes denuded of epithelium.
• Papillæ at tip of tongue enlarged and red.
• Sore and dry condition of the tip of the tongue (after rum).
• Perfect cleanness and moistness of tongue (chronic).
• Dry, red, glazed tongue (chronic).
• Thick yellow fur on tongue, especially at the back part (chronic). [220.]
• Tongue coated.
• Tongue covered with yellow slime in the middle, the margins clean.
• White, and sometimes brownish coating on the tongue.
• Tongue smooth and red, with tendency to stick to the teeth or roof of the mouth.
• Tongue feels thick, is tremulous, partially paralyzed, causing one to stammer.
• Tongue moved with difficulty.
• Sudden trembling in tongue and lips.
• Convulsive motions of the tongue, causing stammering and inarticulate speech.
• Trembling and twitching in the coated tongue.
• Dry state of the mouth.
• Breath offensive, especially during digestion. [230.]
• Peculiar, foul breath; smell quite impossible to describe, or to mistake when once it has been smelt; quite unlike the odor of the alcoholic liquor itself, and may be separately distinguished even when the latter is also present (chronic).
• Offensive smell from the mouth.
• Offensive breath in the morning.
• Mouth filled with black saliva.
• Rising of tasteless or foul liquid in the mouth.
• Sometimes frothing at the mouth.
• Froth in mouth.
• Foul taste (chronic).
• Sour, saltish, or bitter taste in the mouth, in the morning.
• Bitter taste in the mouth. [240.]
• Illusions of the sense of taste.
• Stammering speech.
• Muttering; he utters inarticulate sounds.

THROAT

• Throat red, and feels stiff.
• Granulations on the posterior wall of the throat, also on the base of the tongue.
• Engorged appearance of the veins of the fauces.
• Redness, dryness, and heat.
• Aphthous ulcers in the throat.
• Gangrenous ulcers.
• Throat full of tough mucus, difficult to hawk up. [250.]
• Collection of mucus, sometimes bloody.
• Spasms in pharynx and œsophagus.
• Paralysis of pharyngeal muscles.
• Paralysis of the muscles of deglutition.
• Burning sensation back of the sternum.
• Soreness felt from the throat down to the stomach after swallowing solid food, or very hot or cold drinks.
• Sensation as if something lodged in the œsophagus.
• Feeling of contraction or stricture, preventing the discharge of flatulence by belching.
• Strong efforts to clear the throat, or belch or vomit, bring up blood or bloody mucus.
• Hawking causes vomiting. [260.]
• Swallowing with burning and painful sensation.
• Swallowing painful.
• Spasmodic dysphagia.

STOMACH

• Desire for pepper, mustard, and other heating articles.
• Longing for spirituous liquors, and, if not speedily gratified, becomes raving, or has convulsions.
• At first no desire to eat; afterwards, ravenous hunger.
• Loss of appetite.
• Desire to eat entirely lost.
• Aversion to food and alcoholic drinks.
• Thirst before breakfast and through the day. [270.]
• Thirst often excessive; often none.
• Eructations, sour or foul.
• Eructations of water.
• Sour eructations.
• Frequent eructations.
• Eructation like rotten eggs.
• Singultus.
• Nausea, and vomiting mucus and water.
• Morning, nausea, or vomiting.
• Vomiting, mornings. [280.]
• Vomiting after eating or drinking.
• Vomiting of sour and offensive-smelling matters.
• Excessive vomiting (vomitus crapulosus).
• Vomiting in the morning hours of a tough mucus, resembling white of egg; stringy, with flow of saliva.
• Vomiting of sour matter.
• Hæmatemesis (rare) (chronic).
• Fulness and distension after eating.
• Inflammations of the stomach and intestines.
• Burning heat in stomach.
• Peculiar burning sensation in stomach, best allayed by water. [290.]
• Pressure in the stomach.
• On waking, a more tickling, contractive sensation in the region of the stomach, which spreads from there to the chest, causing shortness of breath, and irritation to cough.
• Sense of oppression and weight.
• Weakness of the stomach.
• Heat and burning in the epigastric region.
• Constriction, uncomfortable tension and pressure in epigastrium.
• Tension in epigastrium.
• Oppression in the pit of the stomach, that is often aggravated to intense anxiety.

ABDOMEN

• Sense of pressure in both hypochondria.
• Heat, weight, and soreness in the region of the liver. [300.]
• Inflammation of the liver.
• Swelling of spleen.
• Recti muscles of abdomen become rigid and prominent.
• Ascites.
• Rumbling and growling in intestines.
• Inflammation of the intestines and stomach.
• Flatulence.
• Colic (colica crapulosa).
• Colic pains.
• Intestinal hemorrhage (rare) (chronic).

STOOL AND ANUS. [310.]

• Hæmorrhoids and varices.
• Bleeding hæmorrhoids (chronic).
• Paralysis of anus.
• Fæces compact, knotty, blackish, or light-gray.
• Stools blackish, bilious, slimy, and bloody, or thin and clay-colored.
• Diarrhœa bilious or mucous, or mealy.
• Diarrhœa (diarrhœa crapulosa; cholera crapulosa), but also constipation.
• Diarrhœa often alternating with constipation.
• Involuntary excretion of stool and urine.

URINARY ORGANS

• Frequent need to urinate; finally incontinence. [320.]
• Involuntary excretion of urine and stool.
• Increased quantity of urine.
• Lessened secretion of urine.
• Retention of urine.
• Urine scanty at first, yellowish or deep red; then more copious, with sediment.
• High-colored urine.
• Albuminous urine.
• Urine acid, contains serum and bile.
• Bloody urine.
• Discharge of blood.

SEXUAL ORGANS. [330.]

• Want of sexual desire.
• Sexual powers at first increased, then diminished.
• Impotence; want of sexual power.
• Intoxicated persons beget drunkards.
• The children of drunkards grow up dull, indolent, and stupid, and become intemperate.
• Irregular menstruation.
• Abortion in the first months.

RESPIRATORY APPARATUS

• Sensation of heat in the larynx.
• Catarrhal bronchitis.
• Accumulation of mucus in the air-passages. [340.]
• Frequent disposition to clear the throat.
• Hoarseness.
• Sobbing.
• Cough.
• Hacking, dry cough.
• Coughing blood.
• The respiratory muscles acted in a gasping manner, so that there was a jumping, quick, inspiratory effort, and a lazy, feeble expiratory effort in the later stage.
• Accelerated breathing.
• Respiration quickened, and then retarded.
• At all periods, there was a sense of impediment to respiration. [350.]
• Heavy, labored breathing.
• Snoring respiration.
• Asthma.
• Asphyxia.

HEART AND PULSE

• Organic difficulties of the heart and the large vessels.
• Hypertrophy of the left side of the heart.
• Valvular insufficiency.
• Increased action of heart set in so soon as three minutes, and continued from thirty to fifty minutes.
• Increased activity of the heart and arteries.
• Pulsation of the heart and arteries violently increased, hard and full. [360.]
• Increased heart and rapidity of action in the heart.
• Very excited action, violent throbbing of the heart.
• Palpitation of the heart.
• He grinds his teeth with anxiety, and presses his hand on the region of the heart.
• Pulse nearly always accelerated, sometimes small and empty, sometimes full and even rather hard.
• Small, usually frequent pulse.

CHEST

• Hydrothorax.
• Emphysema.
• Congestion of lungs.
• Sensation of warmth in chest. [370.]
• Tension of chest.

NECK AND BACK

• Veins of neck swollen.
• Temporal and throat arteries throb; jugular veins turgescent or protruding.
• Weakness, finally, in muscles of back; cannot even sit erect.
• Sensitiveness, aching, and pain in the region of the kidneys.

EXTREMITIES IN GENERAL

• Sudden startings of the limbs, as from electrical shocks.
• Trembling of extremities.
• The muscles of the limbs were inactive.
• Increased warmth; then coldness.
• Creeping sensation (formication) under the skin of the hands and feet. [380.]
• Uneasy, restless feeling in the extremities.
• At first, a feeling of increased strength, and then of debility and weight.
• Weakness and relaxation of the muscles of locomotion, first in fingers and hands, especially in thumb and index-finger, extending all over both extremities, which become heavy and difficult to move.
• Limbs numb, as if paralyzed, and again extremely sensitive to touch and motion; more sensitive to a light touch than to a firm grasp.

UPPER EXTREMITIES

• Trembling in arms and hands.
• Sometimes, when lying, a peculiar persistent trembling in muscles under the skin in loins or upper arms, most marked if one suddenly presses on any place.
• Trembling of the hands, with constant working of the tendons of the wrist, with the hands turned in.
• Trembling of hands.
• Mornings, on waking, trembling in fingers and hands, aggravated by stimulants; or sometimes, after rising; later, continues all day, painless, worse after keeping still.
• Tearings in fingers, often with a benumbed sensation and convulsive attacks.

LOWER EXTREMITIES. [390.]

• Relaxation and exhaustion in general locomotion.
• Weakness in lower extremities, beginning in knees; gait becomes stumbling, unsteady.
• Spasmodic drawings, especially on bending joints, feet, and knees; very painful.
• Pains in the legs, going to the nates.
• Indescribable aching and pains in the legs, below the knees, and in the feet.
• The flesh feels as torn if from the legs, or cut with knives.
• Twitchings in muscles of calves and flexors of the feet; become painful and prevent falling asleep.
• Numb pain in the marrow of the bones of the legs.
• Varicose condition of the veins of the legs.
• Tearings in soles of feet. [400.]
• Formication in the soles.
• Inflammation and acute pain in the toes.
• Scaly patches, very itchy.
• Ulcers.
• Bunions.

GENERALITIES

• Convulsions , sometimes like chorea.
• Convulsions, with a peculiar sensation in head, as of wind, or a painful drawing, as if something twisted and turned in the head.
• Convulsions often begin in one extremity; are often confined to one side; sometimes the head is drawn backward, the back bent, the teeth clenched, and eyes distorted.
• Convulsions and hysterical paroxysms break out in intemperate women.
• Epileptic attacks, generally coming on while standing; sometimes while sitting or lying. [410.]
• Epilepsy returns after every excess in drinking.
• Convulsive-like epileptic attacks.
• The whole body trembles, commonly after exertion.
• Tottering and shaking.
• Trembling of the whole body, especially of the upper extremities, so that he cannot take hold of any object, cannot walk without stumbling, and only with difficulty control the lower jaw when speaking, etc.
• Subsultus tendinum , especially evenings, before going to sleep.
• Twitchings or jerkings in muscles on sitting or lying, not in standing, especially on changing position; almost always in lower extremities.
• Persistent muscular tremor; first developed in the extremities.
• Muscular inquietude; inability to keep the limbs or the body still without a special effort of attention.
• The twitches and spasms often appear periodically, and associated with hallucinations. [420.]
• Drawings in muscles, like electric shocks.
• When at rest, carphologia.
• Trembling and paralysis as usual consequences of apoplexy.
• General paralysis after delirium tremens.
• Marked sensory paralysis (chronic).
• (Muscular power increased).
• Muscles flabby, pale.
• Power of directing and co-ordinating the muscles lessened.
• The muscular system was influenced in a marked and definite manner.
• The thin layers of voluntary muscles found about the body showed great relaxation.
• Muscular tone and power greatly lessened; this effect not being identical upon voluntary and involuntary muscles, and not often identical upon the inspiratory and expiratory sets of muscles. [430.]
• The body loses its mobility, and becomes more and more destitute of muscular power.
• Emaciation, want of strength, with continued want of appetite.
• Prostration of the whole body.
• Premature old age; face becomes pale and wrinkled, features relaxed, eyes dim; lips pale; the hands and the rest of the limbs tremble; gait unsteady.
• Indolence of body and mind.

SKIN

• Skin smutty or yellowish-gray.
• Jaundice.
• Icteric conditions. [450.]
• Skin soft and flabby.
• Skin becomes dry and hard.
• Skin soft and pliant, inclined to sweat.
• Sense of dryness, heat and evident fulness of swelling of the exposed parts of the skin, as the hands and face, with general sensation of heat.
• This increased for a time, and so much so that, with rum especially, the skin was as harsh and dry as if exposed to an easterly wind.
• Tormenting eruption, exceedingly itching (psora ebriosum), spreading over the body the more it is scratched, and presenting rough, scaly patches.
• Skin became raw and dry, and lastly covered with an indefinite chronic exanthema.
• Eczema and prurigo.
• Acne rosacea.
• Large, indolent, blue-looking boils or carbuncles.
• Skin does not heal readily. [460.]
• The least injury to the skin, the prick of a lancet, an inflamed spot, especially eruptions and burnt places, suppurate with inconceivable rapidity, and degenerate into ulcers, which not only affect the soft parts, but the bones as well, and smell offensively.
• Varicose ulcers.
• Some sensitiveness of the skin, especially in shin-bones, extending up to the loins.
• A disagreeable burning, biting prickling of the skin, after sleeping off intoxication.
• Formication, beginning especially in feet and legs, extending to loins or hands and arms, seldom to the nates, worse mornings and evenings, especially when one gets into bed, so that sometimes one cannot go to sleep and must get up. Must constantly move the affected parts, and, when most severe, causes mental disturbance.
• The exhalations of the skin, as well as the breath, smell strong of alcoholic liquors.

FEVER

• Sensation of cold, with paleness of the body.
• Sensitiveness to the fresh air; shudder and frost.
• An agreeable warmth spreads over the body.
• General sensation of heat, with increased action of the heart and dryness of the skin. After about twenty to forty minutes this sensation of heat gave place to one of cold, which was felt first on the most sensitive part of the body in reference to temperature, viz., between the shoulders; and at length, notwithstanding the existence of a suitable degree of atmospheric temperature, it became distressing, and led often to shivering. This was sometimes so marked, and occurred so suddenly, that it gave rise to a shock. It did not correspond to the temperature of the skin, but was usually coexistent with the cessation of the increase of the heart's action. [470.]
• Fever (often through the entire course of the disease-delirium tremens-none).
• Evening exacerbations.
• Great inclination to sweat.
• Sweat easy at first.
• Sweat profuse, cool, sticky, sour-smelling, sometimes warm.

SLEEP AND DREAMS

• Deep sleep.
• Irresistible sleep.
• Deep sleep frequently accompanied by rattling breath.
• A really death-like sleep overcame him.
• Comatose sleep, which becomes fatal, in consequence of excessive doses. [480.]
• Sleep seemed at first with snoring, as if apoplectic; later, not to be roused.
• Lethargic phenomena; snoring respiration, intermittent pulsation of the heart, followed by death (from very large doses).
• Restless sleep.
• Starts from his sleep with every indication of the greatest anxiety and restlessness.
• An invincible disposition to turn restlessly from side to side in bed entirely prevents sleep (chronic).
• What sleep he has had has been of an unrefreshing kind, and a complete condition of nervous prostration naturally results, from which he can only be rallied by food or drink (chronic).
• Fully developed insomnia; the patient tosses from side to side during nearly the whole night, getting only broken snatches of sleep, and these almost always attended with disturbing, and often with frightful dreams (chronic).
• Sleep restless, interrupted by dreams, which the patient in the beginning still recognizes as such, but later takes them for real when he awakes; finally, entire sleeplessness, during which he often insists on having slept.
• Terrible dreams.
• His dreams are so vivid that he cannot be persuaded on awaking that they are not realities. [490.]
• He awakes from his sleep prostrate, depressed, and weakened, without consciousness of what has happened.
• After sleeping off his intoxication, he is sad, disinclined, indisposed to any occupation, wastes his time in joyless inactivity, yawns continually, and impatiently awaits the hour for the next orgy.

SUPPLEMENT: ALCOHOL.

William A. Hammond, M.D., Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., October, 1856, p. 305.

First Experiment.

• The action of alcohol where a uniform weight of the body was preserved. Took 12 drachms of Alcohol daily for five days.

My weight increased from an average of 226.40 pounds to an average of 226.85 pounds, being .45 of a pound difference. The carbonic acid and vapor of water in the expired air had respectively decreased 1324.50 and 196.51 grains, the fæces 1.22 ounces, the urine 3.43 ounces, the urea 87.19 grains, the chlorine 37.59 grains, the phosphoric acid 24.47 grains, and the sulphuric acid 13.40 grains. The free acid and uric acid (especially the former) were so slightly affected as to render it probable that the Alcohol had exercised no influence upon them.

During these experiments, my general health was somewhat disturbed. My pulse was increased to an average of 90 per minute, and was fuller and stronger, than previously; there was headache and increased heat of the skin, and my mental faculties were certainly not so clear as on the days when no Alcohol was taken. There was general lassitude, and indisposition to exertion of any kind. My appetite was variable. The amount of flatus discharged from the intestines was sensibly diminished.

Second Experiment.

• The action of Alcohol when the body lost weight from a deficiency of food. Took 12 drachms daily for five days.

During the experiments immediately preceding these, my weight decreased an average of .28 of a pound daily, falling from 226.73 pounds to 225.34. In the present series, under the same conditions, except the use of the Alcohol, this decrease has not only been overcome, but there is an actual average daily increase of .03 of a pound, the weight rising from 225.34 to a mean of 225.50 pounds. The mean weight of the body is less than the mean of the last series, owing to the fact that the average daily gain is not so great as the previous average daily loss. The carbonic acid decreased on an average of 129.08 grains, the aqueous vapor 312.06 grains, the fæces .19 of an ounce, the quantity of urine 1.37 ounces, the urea 54.51 grains, the chlorine 10.08 grains, the phosphoric acid 8.70 grains, and the sulphuric acid 6.11 grains. The free acid of the urine, and the uric acid, were apparently slightly increased slightly increased. The general condition of the system was never better.

Third Experiment.

• The effects of Alcohol when the body gained weight from an excess of food. Took daily, for five days, 12 drachms of Alcohol.

During the series of experiments immediately preceding the present, the average daily increase of weight was .22 of a pound. By the action of the amount of Alcohol, the average increase was raised to 31 of a pound per day. The average amount of carbonic acid excreted, compared with the mean of the last series, was reduced to 581.99 grains, the aqueous vapor 266.21 grains, the fæces 2.34 ounces, the urine 4.15 ounces, the urea 93.27 grains, the chlorine 26.92 grains, the phosphoric acid 8.29 grains, and the sulphuric acid 14.87 grains. The free acid and uric were but slightly affected. The perspiration was sensibility diminished. The healthy action of my system was very much disturbed. Headache was constant, sleep was disturbed, the skin was hot, pulse full and bounding, averaging 98 per minute, and there was on two occasions after eating, slight palpitation of the heart. My appetite was capricious. Sometimes disgust was created by the mere sight of food, at other times I ate with a good relish.