Terebinthinae oleum

Volume IV — Main text

TEREBINTHINA.

Olnun tertbtnlhinir, the dtstillrd oil (purified) from the oieo-resin (turpeatinr) obtained from several species of Pintit.

1. Pmings. — I. PuRKivjE swallowed 5J for 3 m. in succession.

besides a general rise of the animal temperature he became very

«Towjjr, and found it very difficult to keep awake. There was no

'^her effect felt \ but he noticed that while under influence of the T.

^wine exerted intoxicating influence much more readily, especially in

ftprd of vertigo. (Wibmer, op. cit.)

1. A man took early in m. 5J. In about 10 m. he began to expefence a sense of heat at stomach, which was followed by pain in head. °ul$e and breathmg became quickened. In course of 3 h. he became mier. P.m. he had slight return of these complaints, and urine had stronger odour of drug than before. At 5 he had a loose motion, whereupon symptoms subsided. Four d. later he took another drachm. In 40 m. heat at stomach and pain in head ensued, whereupon he took Jitj more. Symptoms did not increase in severity, he was quickly

• Dr, Hcring points out that T.. prepared according to Klaproth's method, is [iVee from the tclenium with which it is combined in nature ; and to this element Fthc effect* observed by Gmrlin may be traced. — £d$.

2^8

purged, and by noon experienced no efFects of the medicine. (Mosrr, Med.-Chir. Review, iii, 452.)

1. Dr. James Copland look, at 8 a.m., fasting, jx in a cup of coffee, when his pulse was soft, regular, 69. After 5 m. it was fuller, 73 ; after 30 m. hard, smaller, 80, and there was slight vertigo, general chilliness, and feeling in scrob. cordis of something between pam and warmth. At g pulse was small, rather hard, 82 ; there was increaseof other sensations, face very pale, features shrunk ; pulsation in carotids smaller and less resistent than normal ; intellect rather unstc^idr, inability to fix the attention ; increase of gastric uneasiness ; sLght anxiety ; feeling as if intestines were drawn against spine, great thirst and appetite. 930 a.m., pulse small, regular, 86; carotid pulse quickened ; general loss of power, trembling hands, feeble and somewhat tottering gait ; coldness greater, at least in extremities ; considerable thirst, with heat in stomach. 10 — 11 a.m., all symptoms increased, especially anxietas ; hunger and thirst compel him to take food (tea and toast). Towards noon the vertigo began to go off, but all d. he feels weak ; pulse at 7 p.m. small, weak, 92 ; the above feeling in bowels, considerable anxiety, slight nausea, drowsy in e. ; stupid and confused; no stool; urine in normal quantity, smelling of violets breath with turpentine odour. On going to bed at 10.30 p.m. very distressing anxiety and sinking at pra^cordia ; great weakness, pulse weak, irregular, intermittent; fingers became insensible and gone asleep, palpitation of heart ; spasmodic contraction of thoracic and cervical muscles (as in hysteria) ; sleep restless. Next m. still weak, pulse 60, weak and soft ; tongue white and dry. Till 3rd d. no motion, then » very costive one. [Ltnd. Mtd. and Phys. J 9urn..,}iAy, lOj, 1821.)

4., a. Dr. Bruckner took for neuralgic pain in 1. upper arm Tereb. 6. Imrnc* diatcly cough as if a foreign body were in trachea, at same time spaon in Uiynx, as in whooping-cough. Inspiration in 6 or 7 interrupted breaths, and the spasm moo became so «evere that he could not make an iniipiration. About 10 m. thereafter peculiar scraping in throat.

b. Took. » dr. Res. Tcrcb. t,. Soon feeling of soreness in lower part aftheA, lasting a long time. {Altg. h. Z., bcviii, i}i.)

1. Dr. WoosT made a proving of T., doses and number of provers not stated. Soon slight transient nausea, m. After 3 m. boring in chest along sternum, gradually spreading all over chest and terminating in transient stitches out at both nipples after drinking something warm. After \ h. »light prcssire pain in scrob. cordis on a small spot, removed by stooping, lying, and deep breathing. After j h. feeling of flatulent distension of abdomen, must rest. Distension of abdomen u after taking salts. Slight drawing in I. testicle, when sitting. After 1 b. slight tearing headache, Gradu.il painful drawing from nape up to occiput, thence extending to forehead. After ij h. slight cutting in upper part of abdomen. Alter 1 h. a transient shoot in r. mastoid process. After ij h, black points and spots hover for an instant bctore eyes, with transient giddiness when walking in open air. Violent spasmodic drawing on 1. testicle and along 1. spermatic cord. After 6 h. sudden transient vertigo causing him to fall, with blackness before eyes. After 8 h. urging a.1 if a second stool would come. After 10 h. pressive pain in 1. kidney. After ix h. a stab as with a knife in forehead. His usual !>pring in walking is gone, the muscles feel stiff, he walks slowly and bent like an old man. Att«r 14. h., when seated, e., warm feeling at heart, he yawns much, and water comes into mouth. After I 5 h. sudden and great longing for rue (to cat cut up with bread and buttery though he had just had a full meal; when engaged in mental work, e. After 17 b. pressure in stumach, in bed, e., when lying on I. side; it prevents him sleeping.

by emisMon of flams, going off gradually on lying on r. side. Burning in r. hypochondrium. ist d. general dull headache with cutting in abdomen for j d. Tearing headache on r. side, lasting all d. Lots ot appetite for » d. Burning in urechra when urinating. After 36 h. transient jerking shooting on I. side ot upper abdomen when urinating, e. Spasmodic forcing or pressure in iliac region outwards, as though hernia «would be protruded, now on r,, now on 1. side, repeatedly even after ) wccki. Inguinal glands painful and slightly swollen when sitting, c. Drawing lame pain in I. thigh. 2nd d. giddiness in head, with nausea and loss of appetite. Violent tenesmus and cutting in bladder, which alternates with a similar pain just above navel, worst when at rest, better when walking in open air. Increased urine for a d. After 60 h, a sore tickling pain in 1. temporal regioit, going ofi' and recurring, reinoved by rubbing, in bed, c. After 3 d. a kind of coryza, when, without premoni. tory symptoms, thin watery fluid liows from one or other nostril, and lasts i d. After 6 d. ringing and singing in cars like a clock striking, increasing fur 4. h, — No timt stattd. Pressure in whole head. Prcssivc pains in head with nausea, soon passing olf and soon recurring. Heavy pressive headache over I. eye, when seated and engaged in mental work, lasting \ h., e. Tearing from forehead to r. car, which it very hot, while 1. ear is cold \ the tearing headache lasts till e., soon going off and soon recurring. Scrapy feeling in throat. Kancid eructation. Appetite diminished, no relish fur her favourite food. Loathing of meat for a week and lunger. After at meal which is relished very distended belly. After eating, pressure in scrob. cordis^ a* if he had eaien too hastily. Pressure in stomach, turning into slight nausea, relieved by eructation. Pressure in scrob. cordis as if from without. Feels as if he had swallowed a small ball which had stuck in the pit of the stomach. Severe burning pressure in hypochondria. Slight pressure ;<nd drawing in I. side of upper part ot abdomen. Pressive and cutting puin in I. side of upper part of abdomen, under ribs, when sitting, going off by movement. Pressure under diaphragm goine from 1. to r, side, after a meal. Pressure in abdomen with feeling of weight and discharge of flatus. Weight in ab<lomcn after siesta. Fulness of abdomen as after eating too much. Tearing cutting in I. side of abdomen in bed, e., when lying on r, side j later in r. side also. Culling in abdomen spreading theme to legs. Cutting in abdomen, with distension of some places, as if a hernia would protrude. Shooting and pinching in r. side after stool. When lying after dinner umbilical region retracted. Cold as if pressed from without by a round cold plate. Cold feeling in abdomen as if it were uncovered, after dinner. Feeling in abdnmm as if he should be violently purged. Rumbling in alxlomen, ra. Immediately after dinner loud rumbling in stomach and bowels. Rumbling in abdomen, followed by cutting pains there, e. Pressure in kidneys, when sitting, going off on moving, m. Transient drawing in r. kidney, and ihcnce down to r. hip. Feeling as though his pubic arch would be burst asunder. Transient tearing pain in groin. Persistent, more or le« triolent forcing and cutting in r. iliac region. Movement and working about in inguinal region as if a hernia would protrude, especially when he stretches out leg when sitting. Transient cutting drawing in r. iliac region, fiurning in skin of r. iliac region. Urging to stool without effect. Urging late at n, for the 4.th time to stool, but nothing comes. Diminished, scantier stool. Constipated with distension of abdomen. Small hard stool. Fa^res dark chcstnur colour, abnormally dry. Itching burning in anus after stool, as from piles. Slight buniing in anus when standing. Duiing stool a transient movement in vesical region as if bladder were suddenly distended and bent forwards. When sitting spasmodic pain in bladder, frequently recurring. Burning in bladder, and when urinating also in urethra. Tearing in mons Veneris. She passes less urine than usual. Frequent desire to urinate, but little passes at a time. Urine smells distinctly of violets, its colour normal. Urine deposits a slimy sediment la h. alter it is passed. Cutting drawing from inguinal ring into 1, testicle, going off when stooping. Transient burning on posterior side of r. testicle. Drawing in thighs with cutting in abdomen as if menses would come on, though »he had had them only a week ago, Catamenia delayed i d,, and were scanty. Increase of dry short cough, especially when lying down after dinner. Complains of short breath. Transient itching pain in I. pectotalis major. Pressive pain in back, going up between shoulders, and there throbbixig. Drawing pain in back, when sitting, especially e. Drawing in dorsal and ' muscles, with lazy feeling and heaviness, 00 moving in open air. Drawing

30O

pain in «acrum. Drawing and tearing pain in r. hip*joint. Drawing in outer tide of r. thigh, as if in fascia lata. Drawing in both thighs in the course of the large vcsscK Pain in feet. Heavinrts in limbs. Feeling of general exhaustion. Cannot sleep for a h., and tosses about. Restless sleep, frequent waking and to^'iing about at n. for a week. Does not dream as usual. Hardly fallen asleep when is waked by nightmare. Perspires much on legs in bed at d. (H.\iitlaub und TxiXKi' Amnaltn, iii, 1 18,)

b. Dr. Skidel (no informationl. Immediately disagreeable coolness in throat. After 1 h. pinching under scrob. cordis, with nausea and eructation. — ist d. Drawing in teeth. Boring in tip of tongue, its papilbe elevated. Scraping in thmil cauMng him to cough frequently, e. A pappy stool with pinching in abdomen jn<l burning in anus. Urine increased. Seminal emission, n. — and d. Violent bumiog, drawing pains in renal region, lasting 5 d. Urine first clear,on standing turbid with reddish. white sediment. Drawing in humerus, m., for 1 d. — 3rd d. Dislocativc pain in muscles of 1. upper arm. — 4th d. Drawing in bones of r. side of face and forehead, e. — No time jtattJ. Drawing along thighs. Drawing in iliac region and thighs. {IbU.)

1. Dr. HoppE in the course of i h, dropped upon his naked ]. elbonr 180 dr. of warm T., 5 to 10 dr. at a time every five minutes. The skin reddened gradually until it attained an intense red colour. There was itching extending beyond where the T. was dropped, and burning which increased with every repetition of the application ; the burning assumed a pricking character, the corium was somewhat swollen ; there was slight numbness, and the affected part was very tender to the touch. (A'; Z./. h. A7., vii, 178.)

II. Poisonings. — I. A male infant, xt, 14. mo., swallowed ^\v (?) by mistake. It was found 2 h. afterwards in a comatose state ; pulse 130 i conjunctiva injected, pupils dilated, eyes watery j face flushed} breathing hurried ; strangury, urine of violet odour ; abdomen tender, especially along course of spermatic vessels. Emetics and cold to head were employed, and 10 h. after the accident he was much improved and quite lively; pulse 120; bowels loose, and 8 small worms hid been passed. For 4 — 5 d. he improved steadily, showing only a little excitement about brain, and after this was quite well. (EvANS, Journ. of Med. and Phys. Sc.^ Nov., 1846 ; from Taylor on Poisons.)

1. A young man drank about 55138 of the oil. Soon after he w« seized with frightful precordial oppression, and with all the symptoms of strong intoxication. All n. he lay drenched with sweat, in profound sopor, and woke next m. very weak and with bewildered head. He could not stand on his feet without staggering from side to side. After profuse emission of violet-smelling urine he was so relieved that by e. he only felt a little weakness. (SchlEcEL, in Frank*: Mag.^ iii, 646.)

;|. A young man took oil for taenia, — "^a hourly from 8 a.m. till 3ij had been taken. After ist dose burning in throat, less from those which followed ; after 3rd nausea and vomiting ; after 4th purging, and sudden access of nausea ; violent burning in rectum, which lasted 2 d., much relieved by cold water enemata. He was purged 8 times during d., chiefly mucus and water passing, and towards e. had two copious emissions of urine, with burning. (Osann, Jbid.^ ii, 886.)

1. A man took same for same. On ist m. he had jj in 2 doses within an h., and in e. repeated dose ; after latter he had burning 10 stomach, one turn of vomiting, and fulness of head. Next d. Jiss was

taken in emulsion within an h. Soon after he experienced violent burning in stomach, colic, vertigo, and pressure and fulness in head threatening apoplexy. After 3 h. vomiting of oil relieved head, but breathing was laboured and colic continued. Five h. after taking drug a scarlet eruption broke out over body. In e. he had 2 stools, and next d. some gastro-enteritis showed itself. (VVibmer, op. cit.)

1. A woman of intemperate habits swallowed an unknown quantity, possibly 3^'- ^^^ ^^^ found dead, her body in rigid opisthotonos, eyes open, pupils dilated. Brain, lungs, stomach, and both sides of heart were gorged with dark blood, and jvj of oil were obtained from stomach. (Maund, G/asg. Med. Journ., April, 1857.)

2. An infant, 14 weeks old, swallowed "^is. In about i h. it became insensible, cold, and slightly convulsed ; 2 h. later pupils were contracted, pulse small and feeble, breathing very slow and irregular, with moist rales. Death took place at end of 15 h. (Miall, Lancet^ 1869, i, 360.)

3. A boy 3 years old drank nearly ^vj of " camphine" (which is practically identical with T.). Within i| h. he was in a state of profound coma, eyes suffused and injected, pupils dilated, pulse 130, skin dry and hot, mouth and fauces dry and parched, features somewhat contracted and anxious, and respiration hurried. The abdominal muscles w^crc very tensely contracted, as he lay curved, with arms closely folded and pressed on the abdomen. The child could not be kept awake, even while vomiting. There was constant priapism, with frequent attempts at micturition, but only 4 oz. of urine, and that bloody, were passed during 18 h., for which time the coma continued. For several d. patient remained excessively nervous and irritable, but at the end of a week he appeared to be well. (Harris, N. T. Jottrn. of Med., N. S., X, 40.)

4. J. H — , set. 27, porter, of temperate habits ; never had dropsy or other symptom of renal disease. On March 21st, 1847, he took ol. terebinth,, ol. ricini, of each ^^s, for tapeworm. Soon after his head felt confused ; he vomited once, and was purged 2 or 3 times. In about 8 h. he had frequent, almost incessant desire to pass water, passing only a few dr. at a time. The water scalded him very much, and contained coagulated blood. I saw him on the 22nd. He said he had passed water 14 or 15 times during the n., and as often in the course of the m. ; the pain and irritation were now less than yesterday. The urine was deeply tinged with blood, and contained a large quantity of albumen. Under the microscope numerous blood-casts of the renal tubes were seen. A icvf small inflammation-cells and some crystals of the oxalate of lime were entangled in the casts ; no epithelium ; much of the blood was not moulded in the tubes. On the 25th there was still a considerable quantity of blood in the urine. On the 27th the urine contained less blood and albumen ; casts of the tubes were still visible, and contained, besides the blood-corpuscles, a large proportion of inflammatory cells, about twice the size of blood-corpuscles. On the a9th urine had the natural colour ; no cloud with heat or nitric acid ; it contained a very icw blood and inflammation corpuscles, and a very few

uts of tubes. On April 6th urine was pale, free from blood and albumen,

but still containing oxalate of lime. (G. Johnson, Dheases of Kidn.

p. 487.)

g. Oil of T. is often taken by labouring people for sciatica and oth^i rheumatic pains, but sometimes with bad effects. A woman, act. 60, whose dose I cannot determine, was seized with a pain in the kidney* and diabetes^* and died hydropical in 25 d. Another took ^] in warm ale, which soon brought on strangury, bloody urine, and its total suppression, with fever, violent thirst, and vomiting, so that I really despaired of being able to recover her. But she was happily cured by the warm bath and diluent drinks. (Stedman, Med. Estays and Obs.^

1. (f. Administered internally, in doses of 50 centigr. to t grm., T. excites a sensation of weight and heat in the stomach, soon followed by one of warmth in the skin, which may sometimes go on to perspiration. The urine next passed will have a peculiar odour, which has been compared to that of violets.

b. If the do^e be as much as 4. grms., there is experienced a feeling of heat and acridity in oesophagus and stomach, a little anxietas, some nausea, but rarely vomiting, frequently colic with twisting feeling in bowels, considerable irritation, and meteorism. Soon thereupon, in the majority of cases, there is general excitement, announced by febrile heat and a sense of warmth extending all over the body ; hard and fircquent pulse; headache; redness of face; thirst; dryness of mucous membranes ; dysuria, urine being scanty and red or copious and pale, but in either case of pronounced violet odour ; abundant perspiration, which, like the breath, smells of T. ; anorexia; weight at stomach ; and in many persons a condition somewhat like intoxication. Finally, there is some diarrhoea.

c. If the quantity taken is 32 — 64 grms., either (i) the whole action is one of gastro-intestinal irritation, — to the local effects already mentioned vomiting, sharp colic, and frequent loose stools being added ; or (2) absorption takes place, and to the signs of general excitement, yet more marked, are added those which tell of specific action on the urinary apparatus ; on the mucous membrane, especially of the airtubes ; or, more rarely, on the nervous system of the limbs. The first shows itself by considerable pain and heat in the lumbar region, espccially over the kidneys, and in the hypogastrium ; the latter region is sensitive to pressure, which causes — as in acute cystitis — vesical tenesmus, pains in urethra, and strangury ; then ardor urim, dysuria, sometimes actual urethritis ; urine scanty, red, even bloody ; painful erections like chordee. More rarely the urine passes easily, and is copious and pale. The mucous membranes are dry as in the first stage of catarrh ; they are injected, turgid, and hot ; there is frequently herpes labialis, heavy substernal pain and tickling in the trachea as at the commencement of bronchitis, and the patients have been seen to bring up phlegm streaked with blood. The skin is sometimes reddened by erythematous patches of more or less brief duration ; it may be vesicular or papular, as after the ingestion of shell-fish. | The effect upon the

• The author probably means diuresis. — Eos.

f " According to Berenguier, after comparatively large dotes there appears »

nttvous syetem of the limbs consists of an exquisite sensibility felt ^^t in the lower extremities ; a general painfulness of the parts exist- "Si especially along the course of the large nerves. Headache also. Pretty severe, and lasting long after the subsidence of the other symptoms, * one of the most constant results of a too prolonged adminstration of T. (Trousseau et Pidoux, op. cit.)

1. A stout man complaining of anomalous symptoms took one

Sunday at 7 a.m. 5<ss. in about f h. he felt inclination for stool, and

on rising for purpose fell backwards and was seized with spasms.

These were quickly succeeded by a severe epileptic fit, which continued

for 30 m., and left him senseless. In course of d. he had 3 more,

and during ensuing n. suffered from constant spasms and twitchings.

Countenance was at times much flushed, at others pale ; breathing

occasionally sonorous and laborious, but generally quick ; pulse oppressed

and full, sometimes intermitting ; belly hard and distended. No stool

occurred till middle of next d., and till then he remained perfectly

senseless. By the Tuesday the spasms had entirely ceased, but urine

was bloody and thick, and voided not without uneasiness ; he had pain

in region of kidneys and also in head. On Thursday urine became

clear, and no distress remained save the pain in head, which lasted into

the following week. (Money, loc. cit., p. 448.)

1. From the smell^of T. there was observed : — Spasm of face commencing under chin, spreading up face to cheeks with nervous drawings in cheeks. These symptoms are only subjective, nothing observable on the face ; they pass off to give place to a supra-orbital cephalalgia, as if the part were bruised. (Demeures, 'Journ. d. I. Soc. Gall., iv, 108.)

2. BoucHARDAT inhaled the vapour of T. by remaining for 5 or 6 h. in the laboratory, the atmosphere of which was loaded with the vapour. All this time he felt only slight headache. At bedtime he had sleeplessness, persistent excitement, heat of skin ; pulse rose from 65 to 86, he had difficulty in passing urine, which had the well-known violet

simple scarlatinoid erythema, spreading by preference over the face and the upper part of the body in irregnlar patches. Sometimes there appears upon the reddened surfaces, with itching, a large number of small papules, which give to the skin an eczematous appearance. In rare ca<es a vesicular eruption is noticed. A number of cases have been reported by Brochin (Ga%. des H^pitaux, 1 879, p. 99) in which erythema or an urticarioid eruption always showed itself in certain persons after the administration of T., either in solution, in capsules, or in a pure state." (Lewin, op. cit.)

• Dr. Roth relates two cases in which, after large doses of T. taken for tape- -vrorm, neurotic phenomena in the limbs ensued. In one, a gentleman of 40, there 'were " neuralgic pains in various parts of the body, especially in one or other of the lower extremities. He had no control over his hand and arm when attempting to .write} when standing or walking his feet were placed far apart. During the two previous years he had been unable to ride on horseback. When dressing or undressing, though his feet were placed very far apart, his body swayed backwards and forwards." The other, si young lady of 1 5, " soon after partially lost the use of her t. arm and 1. leg. When I first saw her," some 3 years later, " she had but little use in the r. arm. She could raise the shoulder-blade and bend the arm at the elbow ; but the hand fell with a jerk in the position in which she wished to place it. She could only advance the arm from the body a short distance. She limped with the 1. foot, and dragged the leg in walking; the ankle-joint was stiff," I Monthly Horn. Rtv., ii, 31a. We share in Dr. Roth's reserve as to the part played by the T. in such long.lasting disorders, and give the cases in a note only accordingly. — Eds.)

odour strongly marked. Next d. an extraordinary slifFness of bodr, combined with weight and pains in renal region. For 2 or 3 d. htd weakness and felt faint, which deprived him of the power of working. (//jT« de Ther.y 1846, p. 66.)

1. Miss H — was convalescent from an attack of acute rheuma^ tism, when she had the windows and doors of her sleeping apartment painted with oil colour, composed of ceruse, oil of pinks, and oil off. She retired early that n., and had not been asleep more than 2 — 3 h. when she awoke in a state of alarming uneasiness, but having sufficient strength to cry out. M. Favrot found her with countenance anxious, shrunk, and pale; eyes sunk, and surrounded by a dark ring; voice gone, and strength so completely exhausted that limbs on being^ raised fell heavily back by their own weight j acute pain in all joints ; violent and continuous abdominal pain, causing patient to lie doubled up; nausea, yet inability to vomit owing to excessive weakness ; mp. hurried, short, and anxious ; pulse thread-like and scarcely perceptible-, a cold and clammy perspiration all over body, M. Favrot would have suspected cholera but for the strong odour of T. he perceived in the room. She was immediately removed and stimulants exhibited, but she remained utterly prostrate for 36 h., and it was a week before she had strength to stand. [Revue de Th4r. Aled.-Chir., Jan., 1858.)

in. Experiments on animals. — i. A 3-year old dog got gij rectified T. It immediately ran a few steps, tumbled down, screamed loudly, and fell into a tetanic fit ; heart's beats much quickened, almost uncount' able ; died in 3 m, P.AI. — Stomach smelt of T., but not a trace of redness in it. A small red spot on cardia ; liver and lungs full of blotid. Bloody froth in bronchial tubes; a very red spot on m. m. of trachea, cricoid cartilage ; heart flaccid, auricles and I. ventricle bloodless, r. filled with coagulated blood. (Schubarth, Horn's Archiv^ xlv, i, 89, in Frank^s Mag.., ii, 240.)

1. A large young dog got ^] X. It immediately staggered as if intoxicated, crossed the feet over one another, and slavered much. After \ h. vomited twice, later three times more, throwing up bloody froth. After I h. of rigor again vomited bloody froth with great effort. After 2k b. it walked slowly about very exhausted and sad, lay down, and remained several h. lying. Killed by prussic acid. The /^. J/, showed the m. m. of oesophagus inflamed, stomach and intestines normal, lungs full of blood, bladder full of urine, [Ihid.)

2. A 6 year-old horse got 3j T. After \ h. restlessness, scraping with fore-feet; pulse rose in 2 h. from 36 to 45, fuller and harder. After 4 h. pulse as at first, restlessness almost ceased, passed dung several times, and a large quantity of milky, whitish, very fetid ammoniacal urine ; other functions normal. [Ibid.)

3. A large rabbit got Jss T., whereupon there ensued great restlessness, quick breathing, and rapid pulse, which gradually subsided, lasting altogether l h. After 4 h. repeated discharges of violet smelling urine and soft dung. It usually sat with its legs all gathered together, seemed to be suffering, but still ate and drank. This condition lasted 60 h., the diarrhoea and weakness continually increasing^ and then it died without convulsions. The evacuations from the

30s

wels consisted partly of fxces and T., partly of mucus containing rge numbers of swollen cjlinder-cells. — P.M. No inflammation of stomach or intestines, but the former showed a large number of bluish spots with whitish borders. It contained much food smelling of T., and a thick layer of mucus with normal and shrivelled cells. The epithelium underneath was thinner than usual, consisted of cells of normal form and size, and in many places was raised up like a blister. These blisters were the size of peas ; they contained blood-corpuscles and dissolved blood, and gave the interior of the stomach a blackishbrown colour, the exterior a bluish-black appearance. Several of them bad burst, leaving a depression in the vascular membrane, and the m. m. was coloured by the exuded blood. The epithelium between these blisters was normal. The small intestines were of normal colour, contained a fluid smelling of T., and much mucus ; their epithelium was very thin. The large intestine contained soft dung with the odour of T.J and its thin epithelium consisted partly of swollen, partly of imperfectly formed cylinder-cells of various shapes. The bladder was full of urine, and was only slightly red ; the urine contained many

^^small round bodies, apparently cell nuclei. Other organs normal.

^■MlTSCHERLiCH, Med. Ztit. V. Vtrtinf. Htilk. in Preusien^ xii, 1843,

^B^us. 44 and 45. In Frank's Mag., i, 12 1.)

^B 5. A large rabbit got 3j T. It died in 44 h. with similar symptoms,

^^only that the diarrhoea was greater, and latterly consisted of mucus only with swollen, almost round, cells. — P.M. The stomach had from 40 to 50 brownish-black spots the size of pins' heads and larger -, these had no epithelium, but a plug of blood projected into the stomach, and when this was removed there was a depression that extended into the vascular membrane. These spots were covered with mucus stained brown from the exuded blood, and they had all a white border without inflammatory redness. The haemorrhagic blisters had therefore burst. The very thin epithelium of the large intestine consisted chiefly of imperfectly formed cells. Otherwise the appearances were the same in the other case. {Ibid.y I2i.)